Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Xenopus has been one of the earliest and most important vertebrate model organisms for investigating the role and structure of basal bodies. Early transmission electron microscopy studies in Xenopus revealed the fine structures of Xenopus basal bodies and their accessory structures. Subsequent investigations using multiciliated cells in the Xenopus epidermis have further revealed many important features regarding the transcriptional regulation of basal body amplification as well as the regulation of basal body/cilia polarity. Future basal body research using Xenopus is expected to focus on the application of modern genome editing techniques (CRISPR/TALEN) to characterize the components of basal body proteins and their molecular functions.
Fig. 1 Multiciliated epithelium of Xenopus. a The punctate pattern of MCCs in the skin of Xenopus embryos with cilia marked with anti-acetylated
tubulin (green) and cell boundaries marked with phalloidin (red). b Single MCC with the basal bodies marked with Centrin4-RFP (red) and the
rootlets marked with GFP-CLAMP (green). c Close-up image of two basal body/rootlet pairs from (b). d TEM image showing the rootlet and the basal
foot in opposite orientation surrounding the basal body. In all images, anterior is to the left and posterior is to the right. The effective stroke of the
ciliary beat is oriented to the posterior
Fig. 2 Vertical cross section of a Xenopus motile cilium. a TEM image of a single cilium with drawing representation of individual structures b AX
axoneme, BB basal body, BF basal foot, C cilium, M mitochondria, R rootlet, TZ transition zone, TF transition fibers, V vesicles. In the figure, anterior is
to the left and posterior is to the right. Image in a was taken with permission from Steinmann 1968
Fig. 3 The time axis showing the first appearance of the various types of basal bodies/cilia at different developmental stages through Xenopus
early development
Abughrien,
Ciliogenesis in the uterine tube of control and superovulated heifers.
2000, Pubmed
Abughrien,
Ciliogenesis in the uterine tube of control and superovulated heifers.
2000,
Pubmed
Alieva,
Vertebrate primary cilia: a sensory part of centrosomal complex in tissue cells, but a "sleeping beauty" in cultured cells?
2004,
Pubmed
Anderson,
The formation of basal bodies (centrioles) in the Rhesus monkey oviduct.
1971,
Pubmed
Anderson,
The three-dimensional structure of the basal body from the rhesus monkey oviduct.
1972,
Pubmed
Antoniades,
Making the connection: ciliary adhesion complexes anchor basal bodies to the actin cytoskeleton.
2014,
Pubmed
Bhattacharya,
CRISPR/Cas9: An inexpensive, efficient loss of function tool to screen human disease genes in Xenopus.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Boskovski,
The heterotaxy gene GALNT11 glycosylates Notch to orchestrate cilia type and laterality.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Brooks,
Multiciliated cells.
2014,
Pubmed
Brändli,
Towards a molecular anatomy of the Xenopus pronephric kidney.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Chang,
Delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin: two new human centrosomal tubulins reveal new aspects of centrosome structure and function.
2000,
Pubmed
Chang,
Epsilon-tubulin is required for centriole duplication and microtubule organization.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Chien,
Bbof1 is required to maintain cilia orientation.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Chung,
RFX2 is broadly required for ciliogenesis during vertebrate development.
2012,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Chung,
Coordinated genomic control of ciliogenesis and cell movement by RFX2.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Dawe,
Centriole/basal body morphogenesis and migration during ciliogenesis in animal cells.
2007,
Pubmed
Eckmiller,
Renewal of the ciliary axoneme in cone outer segments of the retina of Xenopus laevis.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Félix,
Centrosome assembly in vitro: role of gamma-tubulin recruitment in Xenopus sperm aster formation.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gordon,
Three-dimensional organization of microtubules and microfilaments of the basal body apparatus of ciliated respiratory epithelium.
1982,
Pubmed
Guirao,
Coupling between hydrodynamic forces and planar cell polarity orients mammalian motile cilia.
2010,
Pubmed
Hagenlocher,
Ciliogenesis and cerebrospinal fluid flow in the developing Xenopus brain are regulated by foxj1.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Harland,
Xenopus research: metamorphosed by genetics and genomics.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hellsten,
The genome of the Western clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hu,
A septin diffusion barrier at the base of the primary cilium maintains ciliary membrane protein distribution.
2010,
Pubmed
Ishikawa,
Ciliogenesis: building the cell's antenna.
2011,
Pubmed
Kim,
Planar cell polarity acts through septins to control collective cell movement and ciliogenesis.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Klos Dehring,
Deuterosome-mediated centriole biogenesis.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kobayashi,
Regulating the transition from centriole to basal body.
2011,
Pubmed
Ma,
Multicilin drives centriole biogenesis via E2f proteins.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Marcet,
Control of vertebrate multiciliogenesis by miR-449 through direct repression of the Delta/Notch pathway.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
McGrath,
Cilia are at the heart of vertebrate left-right asymmetry.
2003,
Pubmed
Mitchell,
The PCP pathway instructs the planar orientation of ciliated cells in the Xenopus larval skin.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Mitchell,
A positive feedback mechanism governs the polarity and motion of motile cilia.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Park,
Dishevelled controls apical docking and planar polarization of basal bodies in ciliated epithelial cells.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Peshkin,
On the Relationship of Protein and mRNA Dynamics in Vertebrate Embryonic Development.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Reiter,
The base of the cilium: roles for transition fibres and the transition zone in ciliary formation, maintenance and compartmentalization.
2012,
Pubmed
Rosenbaum,
Intraflagellar transport.
2002,
Pubmed
Sandoz,
Organization and functions of cytoskeleton in metazoan ciliated cells.
1988,
Pubmed
Schweickert,
Cilia-driven leftward flow determines laterality in Xenopus.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Song,
miR-34/449 miRNAs are required for motile ciliogenesis by repressing cp110.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Steinman,
An electron microscopic study of ciliogenesis in developing epidermis and trachea in the embryo of Xenopus laevis.
1968,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Stubbs,
The forkhead protein Foxj1 specifies node-like cilia in Xenopus and zebrafish embryos.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Stubbs,
Multicilin promotes centriole assembly and ciliogenesis during multiciliate cell differentiation.
2012,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tan,
Myb promotes centriole amplification and later steps of the multiciliogenesis program.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Thiébaud,
DNA content in the genus Xenopus.
1977,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Turk,
Zeta-Tubulin Is a Member of a Conserved Tubulin Module and Is a Component of the Centriolar Basal Foot in Multiciliated Cells.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tymowska,
Karyotype analysis of Xenopus tropicalis Gray, Pipidae.
1973,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Vladar,
Microtubules enable the planar cell polarity of airway cilia.
2012,
Pubmed
Werner,
Understanding ciliated epithelia: the power of Xenopus.
2012,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Werner,
Radial intercalation is regulated by the Par complex and the microtubule-stabilizing protein CLAMP/Spef1.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Werner,
Actin and microtubules drive differential aspects of planar cell polarity in multiciliated cells.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Whitehead,
Photoreceptor localization of the KIF3A and KIF3B subunits of the heterotrimeric microtubule motor kinesin II in vertebrate retina.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wong,
Cell biology. Reversible centriole depletion with an inhibitor of Polo-like kinase 4.
2015,
Pubmed
Zariwala,
ZMYND10 is mutated in primary ciliary dyskinesia and interacts with LRRC6.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Zhang,
Expression of Wnt signaling components during Xenopus pronephros development.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Zhao,
The Cep63 paralogue Deup1 enables massive de novo centriole biogenesis for vertebrate multiciliogenesis.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
