Yajima H , Suzuki M , Ochi H , Ikeda K , Sato S , Yamamura K , Ogino H , Ueno N , Kawakami K .

	Figure 1. Expression of Xenopus Six1 appears during transition from Rohon-Beard cells to dorsal root ganglia. (A) Cladogram showing the succession of primary sensory neurons of chordates in the trunk. Intramedullary primary sensory neurons, called Rohon-Beard (RB) cells, dorsal cells, Retzius bipolar cells or DRiii cells (pink), are recognized in various species [5,6] - including amphioxus [13]; lampreys: Lampetra planeri[14], Lampetra japonica[15]; fish: Lepisosteus osseus[1], Raja (Dipturus) batis[16], Scyliorhinus torazame[17], Danio rerio[18]; and amphibian: Ambystoma punctatum[3], Xenopus laevis[4], Rana pipiens[19], Rana catesbeiana[20], Ceratophrys ornata[21], Eleutherodactylus coqui[22] - but not in amniotic vertebrates [6,7]. Craniates have extramedullary sensory neurons (blue) that are derived from neural crest cells and form dorsal root ganglia (DRG). (B-D) Distribution of Six1 mRNA and protein in the trunk region of Xenopus embryos (dorsal side: top of transverse sections). Developmental stages are indicated at top line. Arrowheads: Six1-negative RB cells; arrows: Six1-positive RB cells. (B, C)In situ hybridization of six1 (purple) is followed by immunostaining of Isl1/2 (orange), marking RB cells and DRG neurons. (B’, C’) Magnified views of the areas indicated by the rectangles in B and C. (D) Detection of Six1 (green) and Isl1/2 (magenta) by immunofluorescence in sections adjacent or alternate to those in B and C. Dashed lines demarcate the position of the spinal cord. sc, spinal cord; so, somite. Scale bars: 25 μm (B-D) and 10 μm (B’, C’).
	Figure 2. Six1 mediates the developmental transition of trunk sensory neurons during Xenopus development. (A-K) Earlier expression of Six1 reduces the number of Rohon-Beard (RB) cells and promotes differentiation of extramedullary sensory neurons in Xenopus.(A-E) The combinations of injected mRNAs and treatment with dexamethasone (Dex) are indicated at the top. Arrowheads: enhanced GFP (EGFP)-positive RB cells, which are marked with both Isl1/2 (magenta) and Tlx3 (green) in the spinal cord (sc) at St. 25/26 (A-D). Arrows: EGFP-, Isl1/2- and Tlx3-triple-positive cells outside sc at St. 33/34 (E). (F) Quantification of RB cells and (G) percentage of EGFP-positive RB cells in 250 μm of the thoracic level at St. 25/26. White bars: total number of RB cells, green bars: EGFP-positive cells. (H) EGFP- and cleaved CASP3 (cCasp3)-double-positive cells (arrowheads) are noted in Six1-GR + Dex. (I) In Six1-GR + Dex embryos, Isl1/2- and EGFP-double positive cells (arrow) are located outside sc. Laminin (green): sc outline, TOPRO3 (magenta): nuclei. (J) Quantification of Isl1/2- and Tlx3-double positive cells outside sc. White bars: total number of cells, green bars: EGFP-positive cells. (K) Schematic representation of the results. Activation of Six1 reduced the number of RB cells (pink) in sc and enhanced the differentiation of DRG neuron-like cells (blue) outside sc. (L-N) siRNA mediated knockdown of Six1 increased the number of RB cells. (L) Top: schematic representation of electroporation of Xenopus embryo. Bottom: merged picture of epifluorescence and bright field in obliquely dorsal view of the trunk at St. 45. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled control small interfering RNA (siRNA) persists in the dorsal sc. (M) si1, si2 and si3: siRNA targeted sequences in six1; mut: three silent mutations, each corresponding to siRNA targeted regions in mutated six1. (N) Number of Isl1/2-positive RB cells in the trunk (level in somite (so) pairs 1 to 9) at St. 45/46. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean. *p <0.01; **p<0.001. Dashed lines demarcate the position of sc and notochord (nc). Scale bars: 100 μm (L) and 25 μm (A-K,M,N).
	Figure 3. SIX1 is crucial during mouse dorsal root ganglia development. (A-D) Immunofluorescence of SIX1 (green), neuronal marker ISL1/2 (magenta) and glial marker SOX10 (magenta) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of embryonic day (E) 11.5 Six1/4+/EGFP embryos, in which the Six1-locus directs the expression of enhanced GFP (EGFP; green). (E-P) Abnormalities in Six1/4EGFP/EGFP DRG. (E,F) Arrowheads: ISL1/2 (green)- and SOX10 (magenta)-double-positive cells; arrows: ventrally located ISL1/2-positive cells (F), which were never observed in Six1/4+/EGFP at E11.5 (E). (G,H) Coronal sections of lumbar region at E14.0 (top: rostral side). DRG are fused over several segments in Six1/4EGFP/EGFP embryos (square bracket in H), but segmented in Six1/4+/EGFP (arrows in G). (I-P) Transverse sections of dorsal spinal cords (sc) at E11.5. Arrowheads: intramedullary EGFP (green)-, ISL1/2 (magenta)- and NTRK3 (magenta)-triple-positive cells only in Six1/4EGFP/EGFP; arrows: EGFP-positive afferents at the dorsal root entry zone. Dashed lines demarcate the position of ectoderm and sc. Scale bars: 200 μm (G,H) and 50 μm (A-F,I-P).
	Figure 4. Appearance of intramedullary sensory neuron-like cells in Six1/4EGFP/EGFP mice. (A-H) Magenta represents rhodamine-dextran injected outside the spinal cord (sc) (A,B), TLX3 (C,D), KCNA1 (E,F), RUNX1 (G,H) and (I,J) ISL1/2, which are detected in intramedullary enhanced GFP (EGFP)-positive cells (green) in Six1/4EGFP/EGFP spinal cord. Arrowheads: double-positive cells. (K) Intramedullary EGFP-positive cells (green) are labeled with neural crest cell (NCC) lineage-specific fluorescence of monomeric RFP (magenta). (L) EGFP (green)- and ISL1/2 (magenta)-double-positive intramedullary cells disappear with NCC-specific restoration of SIX1. (M) Number of EGFP- and ISL1/2-double-positive cells in the spinal cord at the level of somite 21 to 26. (N) Schematic representation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons (blue) and intramedullary neuron-like cells (pink) in Six1/4+/EGFP and Six1/4EGFP/EGFP. A-F and I-L are on embryonic day (E)11.5; G and H are on E 12 . A-H, K and L are transverse sections (top: dorsal side); I and J are coronal sections (top: lateral side). Data are mean ± standard error of the mean. *p <0.001. Dashed lines demarcate the position of ectoderm and sc. Scale bars: 50 μm.
	Figure 5. Appearance of intramedullary sensory neuron-like cells in Six1/4EGFP/EGFP mice precedes disorganization of the dorsal root entry zone. (A) Number of enhanced GFP (EGFP)- and ISL1/2-double-positive cells in 10 μm sections of embryonic day (E) 10.5 to 12 Six1/4EGFP/EGFP thoracolumbar spinal cord. (B) EGR2-positive cells (magenta) at the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) (arrowheads) and at the motor exit point (MEP) (arrows) do not overlap with EGFP (green) and show comparable distribution in E11.5 embryos of Six1/4+/EGFP and Six1/4EGFP/EGFP. ISL1/2 (magenta) marks dorsal root ganglion neurons. (C) Number of EGR2-positive cells in 10 μm sections of E10.5 to E11.5 at the DREZ and MEP of Six1/4+/EGFP and Six1/4EGFP/EGFP. (D) Total length of laminin gaps in 50-μm length of basal lamina covering the primordium of the dorsal funiculus. In all measurements, at least five sections from three embryos were used per genotype. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean. *p <0.005. Dashed lines demarcate the position of ectoderm and spinal cord (sc). Scale bar: 50 μm.
	Figure 6. Medial migration of intramedullary sensory neuron-like cells in Six1/4EGFP/EGFP mice. (A-H) Abnormalities in the Six1/4EGFP/EGFP dorsal root entry zone (DREZ). (B-D) and (F-H) show close-up of the DREZ (indicated with rectangles) in Six1/4+/EGFP(A) and Six1/4EGFP/EGFP(E). ISL1/2 (magenta/green)- and enhanced GFP (EGFP; green)-double positive cells (arrowheads) are located across the basal lamina, which is demarcated by the immunofluorescence signal of laminin (magenta). The position of nuclei is visualized with DAPI (green). (I) Time-lapse imaging of EGFP-positive cells on the slice culture of embryonic day 11 Six1/4EGFP/EGFP lumbar region. Top line shows elapsed time of observation. See also Additional file 5. Dashed lines demarcate the position of the spinal cord (sc). Scale bars: 25 μm (A,E,I) and 10 μm (B-D,F-H).
	Figure 7. Mouse Six1 enhancer for dorsal root ganglion neurons directs expression in Rohon-Beard cells earlier than Xenopus enhancer. (A)Xenopus enhancer directed the expression of enhanced GFP (EGFP; green) in Rohon-Beard (RB) cells (magenta, labeled by Isl1/2) not at Stages (St.) 25/26, but at St. 41/42, and in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons at St. 49. (B) Mouse enhancer directed expression of EGFP in RB cells at St. 25/26 and 41/42, and in DRG neurons at St. 49. For A and B, bar graphs show the percentage of EGFP-positive RB cells in 250 μm of the thoracic level. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean. Arrowheads: EGFP- and Isl1/2-double-positive RB cells; dashed lines demarcate the position of the spinal cord (sc); so, somite; drg, dorsal root ganglia. Scale bars: 25 μm. (C) Schematic representation of timing of Six1 expression in Xenopus and mouse. Xenopus six1 enhancer for sensory neurons (xSix1-8) directs the expression of Six1 (red arrow) to alter the sensory system from RB cells (pink line) to DRG neurons (blue line). In mouse, Six1 enhancer (mSix1-8) mediates SIX1 expression earlier during trunk sensory development. This altered timing of SIX1 expression inhibits the development of intramedullary sensory cells and promotes DRG neurogenesis.
	Additional file 1: Absence of six gene expression in the dorsal neural tube of Xenopus embryo during early development. (A,B) six1, (C,D) six4 (AF276994) and (E,F) six4 (AF276995) mRNAs are not detected by whole-mount in situ hybridization (purple staining) in the dorsal neural tube of Xenopus embryos at St. 16/17 (A,C,E) and 25/26 (B,D,F). Left: rostral side. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. (TIFF 7 MB)
	Additional file 2: Gain- and loss-of-function of Six1 affects primary sensory development. (A) Schematic representation of GR-mediated activation of Six1. (B) Immunofluorescence of Tlx3 and Kcna1 in Xenopus primary sensory neurons. The nuclei and cytoplasm of Xenopus RB cells (arrowheads) are labeled with anti-Isl1/2 (green) and HNK-1 (magenta), respectively. Tlx3 (green) and Kcna1 (green) are also detected in the nuclei and the cell membrane/cytoplasm of these cells, respectively. DRG neurons are positive for both Isl1/2 (green) and Tlx3 (magenta). Scale bars: 25 μm. (C) Verification of the knockdown efficacy of a mixture of Six1 siRNAs and the resistance of mutated Six1 to Six1 siRNAs. Plasmids containing the FLAG-tagged Six1 (pCS2-FLAG-Six1) or the mutated Six1 (pCS2-FLAG-Six1-silent, Figure 2M) are transfected into HEK293 cell line with negative control siRNA (nega.ctrl.si) or a mixture of Six1 siRNAs (Six1 siRNAs). The expression plasmid for EGFP (pEGFP) is co-transfected to monitor the efficiency of transfection. Protein levels are determined by western blotting using anti-FLAG and anti-EGFP antibodies. The signal intensity is analyzed densitometrically and displayed in bar graph, normalized to EGFP level and expressed relative to that of negative control siRNA. Note that Six1 siRNAs show efficient protein knockdown, which is abolished by mutations in the siRNA target sequences. (D) Reduction of RB cell number in the trunk region. Xenopus development is associated with a fall in the total number of RB cells located in the entire spinal cord, starting at St. 46 [9]. To analyze the phenotypes in electropolated area, the number of RB cells in the spinal cord at the level of somites 1 through 9 (between two red lines) is re-evaluated and displayed in bar graph (n = 5 for each stage, data are mean ± standard error of the mean). Cell numbers started to decrease earlier than that of whole spinal cord. Scale bar: 1 mm. (TIFF 7 MB)
	Additional file 3: Both SIX1 and SIX4 are expressed in DRG. (A) Specificities of anti-SIX1 and anti-SIX4 antibodies are validated by using Six1 or Six4 single homozygous knockout mice, Six1 -/- or Six4 -/- . To evaluate the specificities of the antibodies, the trigeminal ganglia (Vg) are subjected to immunofluorescence staining, in which both SIX1 and SIX4 are expressed during the development [48]. The rat polyclonal antibody against mouse SIX1 [48] detects SIX1 protein in Six4 -/- embryo (denoted as Six4 LacZ/LacZ ) [50], but not in Six1 -/- embryo (denoted as Six1 EGFP/EGFP ) [41]. The guinea pig polyclonal antibody against mouse SIX4 [39] recognizes SIX4 in Six1 EGFP/EGFP embryo, but none in Six4 LacZ/LacZ . These results show lack of cross-reactivity of anti-SIX1 and anti-SIX4 antibodies with SIX4 and SIX1, respectively. Bottom line shows merged images; SIX1 and SIX4 in wild type, EGFP expressed from Six1 knockout alleles and SIX4 in Six1 EGFP/EGFP , SIX1 and β-galactosidase expressed from Six4 knockout alleles in Six4 LacZ/LacZ . Scale bars: 50 μm. (B) Similar distribution of SIX1 and SIX4 in developing mouse DRG. In E11.5 mouse embryo, the majority of SIX1-positive-cells in DRG (green) are labeled with SIX4 immunofluorescence (magenta), as shown in the merged panel. The relative intensities of immunofluorescent signals for SIX1 and SIX4 vary among DRG neurons. Dashed lines demarcate the position of the ectoderm and spinal cord (sc). Scale bar: 50 μm. (TIFF 6 MB)
	Additional file 4: Intramedullary EGFP-positive cells in Six1/4 EGFP/EGFP mice are positive for RUNX1, RUNX3 cleaved CASP3 and NRP1. (A) The majority of intramedullary EGFP-positive cells in Six1/4 EGFP/EGFP embryos (green in spinal cord (sc)) are positive for RUNX1 (magenta) and RUNX3 (magenta), as pointed out with arrowheads. Top line shows embryonic days of embryos. RUNX3 is detected at E11, one day earlier than that of RUNX1. (B) A substantial number of cleaved CASP3 (cCasp3)-positive cells (magenta) are observed in the spinal cords of Six1/4 EGFP/EGFP at E12 and these cells are also positive for EGFP (green, arrowheads), whereas no such cells are observed in the Six1/4 +/EGFP spinal cord. (C) The majority of intramedullary EGFP-positive cells in Six1/4 EGFP/EGFP embryos (green in sc) are positive for NRP1 (magenta), but not for NRP2 (magenta), as indicated by arrowheads. Dashed lines demarcate the position of the ectoderm and sc. Scale bars: 50 μm. (TIFF 7 MB)
	Additional file 6: Number but not length of individual laminin gaps is increased in Six1/4 EGFP/EGFP DREZ. (A) Number and (B) length of individual laminin gaps in 50 μm length of basal lamina covering the primordium of the dorsal funiculus. For all measurements, at least five sections from three embryos were used per genotype. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean. *p <0.005. (TIFF 5 MB)

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