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J Virol
2002 Nov 01;7622:11350-8. doi: 10.1128/jvi.76.22.11350-11358.2002.
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Regulation of bovine papillomavirus replicative helicase e1 by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Malcles MH
,
Cueille N
,
Mechali F
,
Coux O
,
Bonne-Andrea C
.
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Papillomaviruses maintain their genomes in a relatively constant copy number as stable extrachromosomal plasmids in the nuclei of dividing host cells. The viral initiator of replication, E1, is not detected in papillomavirus-infected cells. Here, we present evidence that E1 encoded by bovine papillomavirus type 1 is an unstable protein that is degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In a cell-free system derived from Xenopus egg extracts, E1 degradation is regulated by both cyclin E/Cdk2 binding and E1 replication activity. Free E1 is readily ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome, while it becomes resistant to this degradation pathway when bound to cyclin E/Cdk2 complexes before the start of DNA synthesis. This stabilization is reversed in a process involving E1-dependent replication activity. In transiently transfected cells, E1 is also polyubiquitinated and accumulates when proteasome activity is inhibited. Thus, the establishment and maintenance of a stable number of papillomavirus genomes in latently infected cells are in part a function of regulated ubiquitin-mediated degradation of E1.
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