Dev Growth Differ 1991 Feb 01;331:19-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-169X.1991.00019.x.

Immunoelectron Microscopic Localization of Sperm-specific Nuclear Basic Proteins during Spermatogenesis in Anuran Amphibians: (Immuno-electron microscopy/Protamines/Spermatogenesis/Anuran amphibians).

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Antisera were raised in rabbits against sperm-specific nuclear basic proteins (SPs) of Bufo japonicus and Xenopus laevis. The localizations of these proteins in spermatogenic cells were then studied by electron microscopy with colloidal gold labeled antibodies as probes. The numbers of gold particles counted on ultra-thin sections of cells at various spermatogenic stages were corrected for the density per unit area, on the basis of areas determined with a digitizer. No grains were deposited during early nuclear elongation stages. Grains appeared on nuclei at the beginning of chromatin granulation, and their density increased first gradually and then sharply at the last step of spermiogenesis. Recalculation of grain counts according to the estimated nuclear volumes of Bufo spermatogenic cells also indicated a sharp increase in the amount of SPs per nucleus in the last step of spermiogenesis. No significant localization of grains in the cytoplasm was observed at any stage of spermatogenesis.

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Genes referenced: sms