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Microb Ecol
2023 Aug 01;862:1393-1404. doi: 10.1007/s00248-022-02130-5.
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Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors Shape the Skin Bacterial Communities of a Semi-Arid Amphibian Species.
Bates KA
,
Friesen J
,
Loyau A
,
Butler H
,
Vredenburg VT
,
Laufer J
,
Chatzinotas A
,
Schmeller DS
.
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The amphibian skin microbiome is important in maintaining host health, but is vulnerable to perturbation from changes in biotic and abiotic conditions. Anthropogenic habitat disturbance and emerging infectious diseases are both potential disrupters of the skin microbiome, in addition to being major drivers of amphibian decline globally. We investigated how host environment (hydrology, habitat disturbance), pathogen presence, and host biology (life stage) impact the skin microbiome of wild Dhofar toads (Duttaphrynus dhufarensis) in Oman. We detected ranavirus (but not Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) across all sampling sites, constituting the first report of this pathogen in Oman, with reduced prevalence in disturbed sites. We show that skin microbiome beta diversity is driven by host life stage, water source, and habitat disturbance, but not ranavirus infection. Finally, although trends in bacterial diversity and differential abundance were evident in disturbed versus undisturbed sites, bacterial co-occurrence patterns determined through network analyses revealed high site specificity. Our results therefore provide support for amphibian skin microbiome diversity and taxa abundance being associated with habitat disturbance, with bacterial co-occurrence (and likely broader aspects of microbial community ecology) being largely site specific.
Fig. 1
A Map of sites. Skin bacterial beta diversity colured by B water source and C disturbance
Fig. 2
A Shared skin bacterial ASVs between life stages and environment B bacterial Shannon diversity in adults and larvae C PCA of bacterial beta diversity based on host life stage
SI Fig 1. PCA plot of ranavirus presence/absence among post-metamorphic
animals.
SI Fig 2. Boxplot of CLR transformed abundance of ASV138 Chroococcidiopsis.
SI Fig 3. ASVs common among environment and host samples for each population.
SI Fig 4. ASVs common among post-metamorphic animals from each population.
SI Fig 5. (A-F) Bacterial networks for each adult population. Hub taxa are highlighted
by yellow node perimeters. Positive and negative associations (edges) between taxa
are coloured grey and red respectively. (G) Node frequencies and taxonomic
assignments
SI Fig 6. Shared Hub taxa identified from network analysis among post-metamorphic
populations.
SI Fig 7. Shared edges identified from network analysis among post-metamorphic
populations
SI Fig 8. A) Larval and B) Adult networks for Wadi Na’ar. Hub taxa are highlighted
by yellow node perimeters. Positive and negative associations (edges) between taxa
are coloured grey and red respectively.
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