Yan Y , Wang Q .

             embryo development
             BMP signaling pathway
             regulation of BMP signaling pathway

	FIGURE 1. Canonical BMP signaling pathway. BMP ligands (yellow and green) bind to type II serine-threonine kinase receptors, which recruit and phosphorylate type I receptors. Upon phosphorylation by type I receptors, Receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads, Smad1/5/8) form complexes with Co-Smad (Smad4), and then translocate into the nucleus to regulate the transcription of target genes through interactions with transcriptional co-regulatory factors.
	FIGURE 2. The formation of the BMP signaling gradient. The maternal factors activate zygotic activation of BMP (Schier and Talbot, 2001; Shieh et al., 2014; Kobayashi et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020). Activation of bozozok on the dorsal organizer (Goutel et al., 2000; Schier and Talbot, 2001; Leung et al., 2003; Sidi et al., 2003; Ro and Dawid, 2009; Irizarry and Stathopoulos, 2021) Activation of BMP inhibitors on the dorsal organizer (Cha et al., 2008; Hikasa and Sokol, 2013; Bier and De Robertis, 2015; Ding et al., 2017).
	FIGURE 3. Regulation of BMP signaling by secreted regulators during DV patterning in Drosophila. The Sog, Tld, and dTsg act as both positive and negative regulators of BMP signaling to shape DV patterning (Scott et al., 2001; Carneiro et al., 2006; Bonds et al., 2007; Serpe et al., 2008; Negreiros et al., 2010; Peluso et al., 2011; Winstanley et al., 2015; Troilo et al., 2016; Negreiros et al., 2018).
	FIGURE 4. In Xenopus and zebrafish, the regulation of BMP signaling during DV patterning. Activators are marked by green arrows and repressors are marked by red lines (Holley et al., 1996; Schulte-Merker et al., 1997; Iemura et al., 1998; Connors et al., 1999; Piccolo et al., 1999; Zhu et al., 1999; Oelgeschlager et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2001; Podos et al., 2001; Scott et al., 2001; Martyn and Schulte-Merker, 2003; Jasuja et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2006a; Lee et al., 2006b; Mullins, 2006; Rentzsch et al., 2006; Ambrosio et al., 2008; Inomata et al., 2008; Dixon Fox and Bruce, 2009; Muir and Greenspan, 2011; Peluso et al., 2011; Ploper et al., 2011; Bijakowski et al., 2012; Jia et al., 2012; Miyares et al., 2013; Plouhinec et al., 2013a; Chang, 2016; Ding et al., 2017; Zinski et al., 2017; Kobayashi et al., 2018; Takebayashi-Suzuki et al., 2018; Zinski et al., 2018; Xiao et al., 2019; Tuazon et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).

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