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Conserv Physiol
2018 Jan 01;61:coy059. doi: 10.1093/conphys/coy059.
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Thyroid hormone levels and temperature during development alter thermal tolerance and energetics of Xenopus laevis larvae.
Ruthsatz K
,
Dausmann KH
,
Peck MA
,
Drees C
,
Sabatino NM
,
Becker LI
,
Reese J
,
Hartmann L
,
Glos J
.
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Environmental variation induced by natural and anthropogenic processes including climate change may threaten species by causing environmental stress. Anuran larvae experiencing environmental stress may display altered thyroid hormone (TH) status with potential implications for physiological traits. Therefore, any capacity to adapt to environmental changes through plastic responses provides a key to determining species vulnerability to environmental variation. We investigated whether developmental temperature (T dev), altered TH levels and whether the interactive effect of both affect standard metabolic rate (SMR), body condition (BC), survival and thermal tolerance in larvae of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) reared at five temperatures with experimentally altered TH levels. At metamorphosis, SMR, BC and survival were significantly affected by T dev, TH status and their interaction with the latter often intensified impacts. Larvae developing at warmer temperatures exhibited significantly higher SMRs and BC was reduced at warm T dev and high TH levels suggesting decreased ability to acclimate to variation in temperature. Accordingly, tadpoles that developed at warm temperatures had higher maximum thermal limits but more narrow thermal tolerance windows. High and low TH levels decreased and increased upper thermal limits, respectively. Thus, when experiencing both warmer temperatures and environmental stress, larvae may be less able to compensate for changes in T dev. Our results demonstrate that physiological traits in larvae of X. laevis are strongly affected by increased TH levels and warmer temperatures. Altered TH levels and increasing T dev due to global change may result in a reduced capacity for physiological plasticity. This has far reaching consequences since the energetic requirement at the onset of metamorphosis is known to determine metamorphic success and thus, is indirectly linked to individual fitness in later life stages.
Figure 1:. Mass and temperature dependence of standard metabolic rate (SMR) in Xenopus laevis. Multiple linear regression of SMR (ml O2 × h−1 × mg−1) on developmental temperature and mass (mg; log transformed) at in various experimental treatments in X. laevis in a total of 119 animals. Gray lines and dots: control animals. Orange lines and triangle: Low thyroid hormone levels (SP treatment). Blue lines and squares: High thyroid hormone levels (T4 treatment). Dotted plane: Average regression plane for multiple linear regressions including all treatments: log SMR(Control) =−1.62488 + (−0.21295) × log Mass + (0.01217) × Tdev; log SMR(T4) = −0.2795 + (−0.4918) × log Mass + (−0.0201) × Tdev; log SMR(SP) =−2.06228 + (0.74817) × log Mass + (−0.02252) × Tdev.
Figure 2:. Interactive effect of altered thyroid hormone levels and five developmental temperatures on body condition in tadpoles of the African clawed frog (X. laevis) at the onset of metamorphosis (Gosner stage 42) (Gosner, 1960). Body condition was determined by the scaled mass index (SMI).
Figure 3:. Developmental thermal windows of X. laevis. Thermal tolerance polygons generated from the critical thermal limits (CTmin and CTmax) at five developmental temperatures in a total of 45 animals. (A) Control animals. (B) Low thyroid hormone levels (SP treatment). (C) High thyroid hormone levels (T4 treatment).
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