Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Plant Biotechnol J
2016 May 01;145:1302-15. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12497.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Introducing an algal carbon-concentrating mechanism into higher plants: location and incorporation of key components.
Atkinson N
,
Feike D
,
Mackinder LC
,
Meyer MT
,
Griffiths H
,
Jonikas MC
,
Smith AM
,
McCormick AJ
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Many eukaryotic green algae possess biophysical carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) that enhance photosynthetic efficiency and thus permit high growth rates at low CO2 concentrations. They are thus an attractive option for improving productivity in higher plants. In this study, the intracellular locations of ten CCM components in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were confirmed. When expressed in tobacco, all of these components except chloroplastic carbonic anhydrases CAH3 and CAH6 had the same intracellular locations as in Chlamydomonas. CAH6 could be directed to the chloroplast by fusion to an Arabidopsis chloroplast transit peptide. Similarly, the putative inorganic carbon (Ci) transporter LCI1 was directed to the chloroplast from its native location on the plasma membrane. CCP1 and CCP2 proteins, putative Ci transporters previously reported to be in the chloroplast envelope, localized to mitochondria in both Chlamydomonas and tobacco, suggesting that the algal CCM model requires expansion to include a role for mitochondria. For the Ci transporters LCIA and HLA3, membrane location and Ci transport capacity were confirmed by heterologous expression and H(14) CO3 (-) uptake assays in Xenopus oocytes. Both were expressed in Arabidopsis resulting in growth comparable with that of wild-type plants. We conclude that CCM components from Chlamydomonas can be expressed both transiently (in tobacco) and stably (in Arabidopsis) and retargeted to appropriate locations in higher plant cells. As expression of individual Ci transporters did not enhance Arabidopsis growth, stacking of further CCM components will probably be required to achieve a significant increase in photosynthetic efficiency in this species.
Figure 1. Expression of fluorescent‐tagged CCM components in Chlamydomonas and tobacco. Expression of Venus‐fused CCM components in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a). Expression in tobacco of GFP‐fused CCM components from Chlamydomonas (b). Green and purple signals are Venus or GFP fluorescence and chlorophyll autofluorescence, respectively. Overlaid images of these signals are shown: overlaps are white. Scale bar = 5 μm (all 5 μm for Chlamydomonas images). For images of separate signals see Figure S1.
Figure 2. Co‐expression of GFP‐fused CCM components with a mCherry‐fused plasma membrane transporter NPSN12 or a known mitochondrial marker (the targeting sequence of yeast cytochrome oxidase IV [COX4] fused to mCherry) in tobacco. Purple, green and cyan signals are chlorophyll autofluorescence, GFP and mCherry fluorescence, respectively. Overlaid images of these signals are shown: overlaps of GFP and mCherry are pale green. PM, plasma membrane; MT, mitochondria. Scale bar = 10 μm.
Figure 3. Expression of GFP‐fused CCM components carrying native Arabidopsis chloroplast transit peptides in tobacco. Green and purple signals are GFP fluorescence and chlorophyll autofluorescence, respectively. Overlaid images of these signals are shown: overlaps are white. 1A‐TP, RuBisCO small subunit RBCS1A (AT1G67090) transit peptide; ABC‐TP, ABC transporter ABCI13 (AT1G65410) transit peptide; mCAH6, mature CAH6; mLCIA, mature LCIA. Main image scale bar = 10 μm, inset image scale bar = 3 μm. For images of separate signals see Figure S3.
Figure 4. Chlamydomonas CCM components LCIA and HLA3 facilitate increased accumulation of inorganic carbon in Xenopus oocytes. Confocal images of oocytes expressing GFP fused to mature LCIA (LCIA lacking a chloroplast transit peptide, mLCIA) or HLA3 3 d after injection (a). 14C accumulation in oocytes expressing mLCIA or HLA3 either untagged or fused to GFP following 10‐min incubation in MBS containing 0.12 mM NaH14
CO
3 (b). Values are means of measurements on 20 oocytes; bars are means ± standard error (SE). Letters above the bars indicate a difference or between values; where a, b and c indicate significant difference (P < 0.05) as determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) tests.
Figure 5. Stable expression of LCIA: GFP and HLA3: GFP in Arabidopsis. Representative confocal images of LCIA and HLA3 fused to GFP (a). Green and purple signals are GFP fluorescence and chlorophyll autofluorescence, respectively. Overlaid images of these signals are shown: overlaps are white. Scale bar = 10 μm. For images of separate signals see Figure S4. Immunoblots of rosette extracts (10 μg protein) from LCIA: GFP‐ and HLA3: GFP‐expressing lines probed with an antibody against GFP (b). LCIA: GFP is present in three separate homozygous T3 insertion lines (LCIA: GFP
1‐3), but not in segregating wild‐type lines. HLA3: GFP is visible in HLA3: GFP
1‐3 but not in the segregating wild‐type for HLA3: GFP
1 or a wild‐type equivalent for HLA3: GFP
2 and HLA3: GFP23. LCIA: GFP and HLA3: GFP have approximate masses of 54 and 170 kDa, respectively (arrow). Ponceau stains of each blot (right) show the band attributable to the RuBisCO large subunit (RbcL, 55 kD) as a loading control.
Figure 6. Growth of phenotypes in different environmental conditions of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing LCIA or HLA3. Plants were grown under ambient CO
2 (ca. 400 μmol/mol) and 100 μmol photons/m2/s (a) or low CO
2 (250 μmol/mol) and 350 μmol photons/m2/s (b). Growth rates (1st and 3rd row) and fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) (2nd and 4th row) are shown for LCIA and HLA3, respectively. HLA3 transgenic lines had a lower FW and DW compared to LCIA when grown under ambient CO
2, as plants were harvested slightly earlier (at 29 days vs 31 days). All plants grown under low CO
2 were harvested at 30 days. Values are the means ± SE of measurements made on 24 rosettes.
Figure 7. Photosynthetic responses of transgenic plants. Photosynthetic rates were determined as a function of increasing substomatal CO
2 concentrations (A/C
i) at saturating light levels (1500 μmol photons/m2/s). Each curve represents the means ± SE of values from four leaves, each on a different plant.
Bellasio,
An Excel tool for deriving key photosynthetic parameters from combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence: theory and practice.
2016, Pubmed
Bellasio,
An Excel tool for deriving key photosynthetic parameters from combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence: theory and practice.
2016,
Pubmed
Blanco-Rivero,
Phosphorylation controls the localization and activation of the lumenal carbonic anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2012,
Pubmed
Brueggeman,
Activation of the carbon concentrating mechanism by CO2 deprivation coincides with massive transcriptional restructuring in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2012,
Pubmed
Clough,
Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana.
1998,
Pubmed
Du,
Characterisation of cyanobacterial bicarbonate transporters in E. coli shows that SbtA homologs are functional in this heterologous expression system.
2014,
Pubmed
Duanmu,
Knockdown of limiting-CO2-induced gene HLA3 decreases HCO3- transport and photosynthetic Ci affinity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2009,
Pubmed
Duanmu,
Thylakoid lumen carbonic anhydrase (CAH3) mutation suppresses air-Dier phenotype of LCIB mutant in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2009,
Pubmed
Engel,
Native architecture of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast revealed by in situ cryo-electron tomography.
2015,
Pubmed
Fang,
Transcriptome-wide changes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gene expression regulated by carbon dioxide and the CO2-concentrating mechanism regulator CIA5/CCM1.
2012,
Pubmed
Farquhar,
A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C 3 species.
1980,
Pubmed
Feng,
Optimizing plant transporter expression in Xenopus oocytes.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Flexas,
Mesophyll conductance to CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana.
2007,
Pubmed
Fujiwara,
Structure and differential expression of two genes encoding carbonic anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
1990,
Pubmed
Gao,
Expression activation and functional analysis of HLA3, a putative inorganic carbon transporter in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2015,
Pubmed
Geldner,
Rapid, combinatorial analysis of membrane compartments in intact plants with a multicolor marker set.
2009,
Pubmed
Genkov,
Functional hybrid rubisco enzymes with plant small subunits and algal large subunits: engineered rbcS cDNA for expression in chlamydomonas.
2010,
Pubmed
Geraghty,
Molecular and Structural Changes in Chlamydomonas under Limiting CO2 (A Possible Mitochondrial Role in Adaptation).
1996,
Pubmed
Gibson,
Enzymatic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases.
2009,
Pubmed
Griffiths,
Mesophyll conductance: internal insights of leaf carbon exchange.
2013,
Pubmed
Karimi,
GATEWAY vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation.
2002,
Pubmed
Karlsson,
A novel alpha-type carbonic anhydrase associated with the thylakoid membrane in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is required for growth at ambient CO2.
1998,
Pubmed
Kropat,
A revised mineral nutrient supplement increases biomass and growth rate in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2011,
Pubmed
Li,
Preparation of DNA from Arabidopsis.
1998,
Pubmed
Lieman-Hurwitz,
Enhanced photosynthesis and growth of transgenic plants that express ictB, a gene involved in HCO3- accumulation in cyanobacteria.
2003,
Pubmed
Lin,
β-Carboxysomal proteins assemble into highly organized structures in Nicotiana chloroplasts.
2014,
Pubmed
Lin,
A faster Rubisco with potential to increase photosynthesis in crops.
2014,
Pubmed
Liu,
Efficient isolation and mapping of Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insert junctions by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR.
1995,
Pubmed
Long,
Can improvement in photosynthesis increase crop yields?
2006,
Pubmed
Long,
Meeting the global food demand of the future by engineering crop photosynthesis and yield potential.
2015,
Pubmed
Mariscal,
Differential regulation of the Chlamydomonas Nar1 gene family by carbon and nitrogen.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Mason,
A New Chloroplast Protein Is Induced by Growth on Low CO(2) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
1990,
Pubmed
McCormick,
Lack of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate compromises photosynthesis and growth in Arabidopsis in fluctuating environments.
2015,
Pubmed
McGrath,
Can the cyanobacterial carbon-concentrating mechanism increase photosynthesis in crop species? A theoretical analysis.
2014,
Pubmed
Meyer,
Rubisco small-subunit α-helices control pyrenoid formation in Chlamydomonas.
2012,
Pubmed
Meyer,
Origins and diversity of eukaryotic CO2-concentrating mechanisms: lessons for the future.
2013,
Pubmed
Mitra,
Identification of a new chloroplast carbonic anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2004,
Pubmed
Miura,
Expression profiling-based identification of CO2-responsive genes regulated by CCM1 controlling a carbon-concentrating mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2004,
Pubmed
Morita,
Presence of the CO2-concentrating mechanism in some species of the pyrenoid-less free-living algal genus Chloromonas (Volvocales, Chlorophyta).
1998,
Pubmed
Moroney,
Inorganic Carbon Uptake by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
1985,
Pubmed
Nelson,
A multicolored set of in vivo organelle markers for co-localization studies in Arabidopsis and other plants.
2007,
Pubmed
Ohnishi,
Expression of a low CO₂-inducible protein, LCI1, increases inorganic carbon uptake in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2010,
Pubmed
Parry,
Rubisco activity and regulation as targets for crop improvement.
2013,
Pubmed
Pengelly,
Transplastomic integration of a cyanobacterial bicarbonate transporter into tobacco chloroplasts.
2014,
Pubmed
Pollock,
The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii proteins Ccp1 and Ccp2 are required for long-term growth, but are not necessary for efficient photosynthesis, in a low-CO2 environment.
2004,
Pubmed
Price,
Expression of Human Carbonic Anhydrase in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942 Creates a High CO(2)-Requiring Phenotype : Evidence for a Central Role for Carboxysomes in the CO(2) Concentrating Mechanism.
1989,
Pubmed
Price,
The cyanobacterial CCM as a source of genes for improving photosynthetic CO2 fixation in crop species.
2013,
Pubmed
Price,
The prospect of using cyanobacterial bicarbonate transporters to improve leaf photosynthesis in C3 crop plants.
2011,
Pubmed
Ramazanov,
The Low CO2-Inducible 36-Kilodalton Protein Is Localized to the Chloroplast Envelope of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
1993,
Pubmed
Roberts,
Post-translational processing of the highly processed, secreted periplasmic carbonic anhydrase of Chlamydomonas is largely conserved in transgenic tobacco.
1995,
Pubmed
Schöb,
Silencing of transgenes introduced into leaves by agroinfiltration: a simple, rapid method for investigating sequence requirements for gene silencing.
1997,
Pubmed
Simkin,
Multigene manipulation of photosynthetic carbon assimilation increases CO2 fixation and biomass yield in tobacco.
2015,
Pubmed
Sinetova,
Identification and functional role of the carbonic anhydrase Cah3 in thylakoid membranes of pyrenoid of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2012,
Pubmed
Villarejo,
A photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase regulates the efficiency of photosynthetic oxygen evolution.
2002,
Pubmed
Wang,
Acclimation to very low CO2: contribution of limiting CO2 inducible proteins, LCIB and LCIA, to inorganic carbon uptake in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2014,
Pubmed
Wang,
LCIB in the Chlamydomonas CO2-concentrating mechanism.
2014,
Pubmed
Wang,
The CO2 concentrating mechanism and photosynthetic carbon assimilation in limiting CO2 : how Chlamydomonas works against the gradient.
2015,
Pubmed
Whitney,
Advancing our understanding and capacity to engineer nature's CO2-sequestering enzyme, Rubisco.
2011,
Pubmed
Yamano,
Characterization of cooperative bicarbonate uptake into chloroplast stroma in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2015,
Pubmed
Yamano,
Isolation and characterization of mutants defective in the localization of LCIB, an essential factor for the carbon-concentrating mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2014,
Pubmed
Yamano,
Light and low-CO2-dependent LCIB-LCIC complex localization in the chloroplast supports the carbon-concentrating mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2010,
Pubmed
Ynalvez,
Identification and characterization of two closely related beta-carbonic anhydrases from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
2008,
Pubmed
Zhang,
High-Throughput Genotyping of Green Algal Mutants Reveals Random Distribution of Mutagenic Insertion Sites and Endonucleolytic Cleavage of Transforming DNA.
2014,
Pubmed
Zhu,
Improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater yield.
2010,
Pubmed