Lensch MW and Mummery CL (2013), From Stealing Fire to Cellular Reprogramming: A...

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Stem Cell Reports 2013 Jun 04;11:5-17. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.05.001.

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From Stealing Fire to Cellular Reprogramming: A Scientific History Leading to the 2012 Nobel Prize.

Lensch MW , Mummery CL .

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Cellular reprogramming was recently "crowned" with the award of the Nobel Prize to two of its groundbreaking researchers, Sir John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka. The recent link between reprogramming and stem cells makes this appear almost a new field of research, but its historical roots have actually spanned more than a century. Here, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 is placed in its historical context.

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Species referenced: Xenopus
Genes referenced: isyna1 pgd

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	Figure 1. Winners of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya YamanakaThe photo was taken at the ISSCR-Roddenberry International Symposium on Cellular Reprogramming only 10 days after the announcement of the laureates for 2012. Photo credit: Chris Goodfellow/Gladstone Institutes.
	Figure 2. Relationships between Pluripotent Stem Cells and Embryos: 50 Years of History in MicePluripotent stem cells can arise from NT-derived (cloned) blastocysts, fertilized embryos or teratocarcinomas, spontaneous tumors of the testis, or tumors induced by transferring early embryos to extrauterine sites. ESCs and EC cells will form chimeras if introduced into preimplantation embryos that are transferred to a pseudopregnant female mother. ESCs will be chimeric in the germline and give rise to sperm and eggs, but EC cells do not chimerize the germline. A less stringent test for pluripotency of ESCs than germline contribution is the ability to form benign teratomas after injection in immune-deficient mice. This test is also used to demonstrate pluripotency in human ESCs. A more stringent test is “tetraploid complementation,” where the entire postnatal animal is ESC derived. Teratocarcinomas are thought to derive spontaneously from deregulated primordial germ cells (PGCs) that give rise to the gametes. Pluripotent stem cell lines can also be derived as embryonic germ (EG) cells directly from PGCs. mEC, mouse embryonal carcinoma; mESC, mouse embryonic stem cell; miPSC, mouse induced pluripotent stem cell; mEG, mouse embryonic germ.
	Figure 3. Derivation and Use of Human Pluripotent Stem CellsHuman ES cells (hESCs) and iPS cells (hiPSCs) have immediate applications in modeling disease, drug discovery, and safety pharmacology. Genetic or other correction provides the appropriate control cells for these studies. hESCs can be targeted genetically to create disease models and introduce different mutations on an isogenic background. Alternatively, disease-specific hESCs can be derived from embryos that are rejected after preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Longer-term applications are thought to be in cell transplantation therapy. The prototype human pluripotent stem cells are EC stem cells (hECs) derived from spontaneous teratocarcinomas. As in mice, pluripotent stem cells can also be derived from primordial germ cells in humans as human embryonic germ cells (hEGCs), but these have usually not become stable lines (data not shown).

References [+] :

Ambasudhan, Direct reprogramming of adult human fibroblasts to functional neurons under defined conditions. 2011, Pubmed