Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2013 Sep 03;11036:14670-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1218053110.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
The growth speed of microtubules with XMAP215-coated beads coupled to their ends is increased by tensile force.
Trushko A
,
Schäffer E
,
Howard J
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The generation of pulling and pushing forces is one of the important functions of microtubules, which are dynamic and polarized structures. The ends of dynamic microtubules are able to form relatively stable links to cellular structures, so that when a microtubule grows it can exert a pushing force and when it shrinks it can exert a pulling force. Microtubule growth and shrinkage are tightly regulated by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that bind to microtubule ends. Given their localization, MAPs may be exposed to compressive and tensile forces. The effect of such forces on MAP function, however, is poorly understood. Here we show that beads coated with the microtubule polymerizing protein XMAP215, the Xenopus homolog of Dis1 and chTOG, are able to link stably to the plus ends of microtubules, even when the ends are growing or shrinking; at growing ends, the beads increase the polymerization rate. Using optical tweezers, we found that tensile force further increased the microtubule polymerization rate. These results show that physical forces can regulate the activity of MAPs. Furthermore, our results show that XMAP215 can be used as a handle to sense and mechanically manipulate the dynamics of the microtubule tip.
Akiyoshi,
Tension directly stabilizes reconstituted kinetochore-microtubule attachments.
2010,
Pubmed
Asbury,
The Dam1 kinetochore complex harnesses microtubule dynamics to produce force and movement.
2006,
Pubmed
Ayaz,
A TOG:αβ-tubulin complex structure reveals conformation-based mechanisms for a microtubule polymerase.
2012,
Pubmed
Bellanger,
TAC-1 and ZYG-9 form a complex that promotes microtubule assembly in C. elegans embryos.
2003,
Pubmed
Belmont,
Real-time visualization of cell cycle-dependent changes in microtubule dynamics in cytoplasmic extracts.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Bormuth,
LED illumination for video-enhanced DIC imaging of single microtubules.
2007,
Pubmed
Bormuth,
Protein friction limits diffusive and directed movements of kinesin motors on microtubules.
2009,
Pubmed
Brittle,
Mini spindles, the XMAP215 homologue, suppresses pausing of interphase microtubules in Drosophila.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Brouhard,
XMAP215 is a processive microtubule polymerase.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Cassimeris,
TOGp, the human homolog of XMAP215/Dis1, is required for centrosome integrity, spindle pole organization, and bipolar spindle assembly.
2004,
Pubmed
Cassimeris,
Real-time observations of microtubule dynamic instability in living cells.
1988,
Pubmed
Cullen,
mini spindles: A gene encoding a conserved microtubule-associated protein required for the integrity of the mitotic spindle in Drosophila.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Doe,
Asymmetric cell division: fly neuroblast meets worm zygote.
2001,
Pubmed
Franck,
Tension applied through the Dam1 complex promotes microtubule elongation providing a direct mechanism for length control in mitosis.
2007,
Pubmed
Fygenson,
Phase diagram of microtubules.
1994,
Pubmed
Garcia,
Fission yeast ch-TOG/XMAP215 homologue Alp14 connects mitotic spindles with the kinetochore and is a component of the Mad2-dependent spindle checkpoint.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gard,
A microtubule-associated protein from Xenopus eggs that specifically promotes assembly at the plus-end.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gell,
Purification of tubulin from porcine brain.
2011,
Pubmed
Gell,
Microtubule dynamics reconstituted in vitro and imaged by single-molecule fluorescence microscopy.
2010,
Pubmed
Gergely,
The ch-TOG/XMAP215 protein is essential for spindle pole organization in human somatic cells.
2003,
Pubmed
Gittes,
Interference model for back-focal-plane displacement detection in optical tweezers.
1998,
Pubmed
Grishchuk,
Force production by disassembling microtubules.
2005,
Pubmed
Gönczy,
Mechanisms of spindle positioning: focus on flies and worms.
2002,
Pubmed
Howard,
Dynamics and mechanics of the microtubule plus end.
2003,
Pubmed
Inoué,
Force generation by microtubule assembly/disassembly in mitosis and related movements.
1995,
Pubmed
Janson,
Dynamic instability of microtubules is regulated by force.
2003,
Pubmed
Kawamura,
MOR1, the Arabidopsis thaliana homologue of Xenopus MAP215, promotes rapid growth and shrinkage, and suppresses the pausing of microtubules in vivo.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kerssemakers,
Assembly dynamics of microtubules at molecular resolution.
2006,
Pubmed
Kinoshita,
Aurora A phosphorylation of TACC3/maskin is required for centrosome-dependent microtubule assembly in mitosis.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kitamura,
Kinetochores generate microtubules with distal plus ends: their roles and limited lifetime in mitosis.
2010,
Pubmed
Kusch,
Microtubule capture by the cleavage apparatus is required for proper spindle positioning in yeast.
2002,
Pubmed
Laan,
Cortical dynein controls microtubule dynamics to generate pulling forces that position microtubule asters.
2012,
Pubmed
Lee,
Msps/XMAP215 interacts with the centrosomal protein D-TACC to regulate microtubule behaviour.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Liakopoulos,
Asymmetric loading of Kar9 onto spindle poles and microtubules ensures proper spindle alignment.
2003,
Pubmed
Maekawa,
Yeast Cdk1 translocates to the plus end of cytoplasmic microtubules to regulate bud cortex interactions.
2003,
Pubmed
Mahamdeh,
Optical tweezers with millikelvin precision of temperature-controlled objectives and base-pair resolution.
2009,
Pubmed
Mitchison,
Dynamic instability of microtubule growth.
,
Pubmed
Oguchi,
The bidirectional depolymerizer MCAK generates force by disassembling both microtubule ends.
2011,
Pubmed
Powers,
The Ndc80 kinetochore complex forms load-bearing attachments to dynamic microtubule tips via biased diffusion.
2009,
Pubmed
Pralle,
Three-dimensional high-resolution particle tracking for optical tweezers by forward scattered light.
1999,
Pubmed
Rice,
The lattice as allosteric effector: structural studies of alphabeta- and gamma-tubulin clarify the role of GTP in microtubule assembly.
2008,
Pubmed
Sammak,
Direct observation of microtubule dynamics in living cells.
1988,
Pubmed
Schäffer,
Surface forces and drag coefficients of microspheres near a plane surface measured with optical tweezers.
2007,
Pubmed
Tanaka,
Molecular mechanisms of kinetochore capture by spindle microtubules.
2005,
Pubmed
Tournebize,
Control of microtubule dynamics by the antagonistic activities of XMAP215 and XKCM1 in Xenopus egg extracts.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tran,
A mechanism for nuclear positioning in fission yeast based on microtubule pushing.
2001,
Pubmed
Walker,
Dynamic instability of individual microtubules analyzed by video light microscopy: rate constants and transition frequencies.
1988,
Pubmed
Wang,
Stu2p: A microtubule-binding protein that is an essential component of the yeast spindle pole body.
1997,
Pubmed
Wang,
Nucleotide-dependent bending flexibility of tubulin regulates microtubule assembly.
2005,
Pubmed
Widlund,
XMAP215 polymerase activity is built by combining multiple tubulin-binding TOG domains and a basic lattice-binding region.
2011,
Pubmed
Yeh,
Dynamic positioning of mitotic spindles in yeast: role of microtubule motors and cortical determinants.
2000,
Pubmed