J Endocrinol 1994 Aug 01;1422:245-50. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1420245.

Internalization of metformin is necessary for its action on potentiating the insulin-induced Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation.

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In this study, metformin (N, N1 dimethylbiguanide) was found to potentiate insulin-induced Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation, a phenomenon of transition from late G2 to M phase of the cell cycle. These cells also accumulated exogenous metformin (130 +/- 6.5 nmol/oocyte). Metformin covalently-coupled to Sepharose 4B beads failed to potentiate the insulin-induced oocyte maturation which suggests that these cells did not take up metformin from the extracellular medium. Addition of metformin alone to Xenopus laevis oocytes did not induce the maturation process, though these cells took up exogenous metformin. Micro-injection of metformin (120 nmol/oocyte) to oocytes accelerated the insulin-induced maturation, but it was lower than in cells which were incubated with free metformin together with insulin. Interestingly, insulin had no effect on metformin uptake by the oocytes. Methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone), MGBG, an apparent analogue of metformin, induced oocyte maturation. Addition of metformin, either free or Sepharose-bound, did not influence the MGBG-induced 60% maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. These results suggest that the internalization of metformin is necessary for its action and its effects are specific on insulin activity.

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Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: bag3 ins