Filchakova O , McIntosh JM .

GM103801 NIGMS NIH HHS , GM48677 NIGMS NIH HHS , P01 GM048677 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 GM103801 NIGMS NIH HHS

	Figure 2. Comparison between the level of expression of human α9/rat α10 (hα9rα10) and rat α9/human α10 (rα9hα10) receptors.Receptors assembled from injection of cRNAs encoding subunits from different species have different levels of functional expression. hα9rα10 nAChRs were expressed with low efficiency compared to rα9hα10. Results from three batches of oocytes are shown. All oocytes of a given batch were injected on the same day and recordings performed 2 days later. Values of mean current amplitudes are given in Table 1. **p<0.01. Error bars indicate SEM.
	Figure 3. Comparison of functional receptor expression following injection of different ratios of receptor subunit cRNA.Differing subunit ratios of cRNA were injected into oocytes and the resulting levels of expression of functional receptors were compared. Recordings were performed 2 days after injection. The data from oocytes of four different batches were combined to determine the mean current amplitudes. Values are given in Table 2. A one-way ANOVA test with Tukey's post-hoc comparison indicated a significant difference between hα9(1):hα10(1) vs. hα9(5):hα10(1), p<0.001, and between hα9(5):hα10(1) vs. hα9(1):hα10(5), p<0.001. There was no significant difference between hα9(1):hα10(1) and hα9(1):hα10(5), p>0.05.
	Figure 4. Comparison of the 5′ untranslated regions in human α9, human α10, rat α9, and rat α10 subunits.(A) Native 5′UTRs of subunits are between the restriction site and the start codon. (B) The modifications made to the 5′ untranslated region of human α9 and α10 subunits are shown. The 5′UTR of RNA4 of the alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein was inserted into the multiple cloning site of the pSGEM vector between SacII and EcoRI sites. The subunit-encoding sequence is between the EcoRI and XhoI sites.
	Figure 5. AMV improves the level of functional expression of α9-containing nAChRs.(A) Representative traces and (B) comparisons of the levels of functional expression of homomeric human α9 receptors encoded by cRNA without (A, top) and with (A, bottom) AMV. The results are from three different batches of oocytes, each isolated from a different frog and recorded on 3rd day after injection, are presented. (C and D) Comparison of the level of expression of heteromeric receptors. Recordings were conducted on the second day after injection. Values for mean current amplitude are shown in Tables 3 and 4. *p<0.05; **p<0.01. Error bars indicate SEM.
	Figure 1. Comparison between the levels of exogenous expression of rat and human α9-containing nAChRs in X. laevis oocytes.ACh-gated currents were measured in voltage-clamped oocytes as described in Methods. (A) Representative traces from an oocyte injected with human α9 and human α10 cRNA (top) and rat α9 and rat α10 cRNA (bottom). Robust currents were observed with rat cRNA; but only small currents were observed with human cRNA. (B) Comparison of the averaged current responses evoked by 100 µM ACh applications from oocytes expressing human α9α10 and rat α9α10 receptors. The mean current amplitude was 30±3 nA (n = 7 oocytes) for human α9α10 and 8067±1638 nA (n = 7) for rat α9α10, p<0.005. Error bars indicate SEM.

Alexander, Palmitoylation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 2010, Pubmed

Alexander, Palmitoylation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 2010, Pubmed
Araujo, Before It Gets Started: Regulating Translation at the 5' UTR. 2012, Pubmed
Baker, Pharmacological properties of alpha 9 alpha 10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors revealed by heterologous expression of subunit chimeras. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Barnard, Translation of exogenous messenger RNA coding for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors produces functional receptors in Xenopus oocytes. 1982, Pubmed , Xenbase
Brederode, Complete nucleotide sequence of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4. 1980, Pubmed
Brown, Role of two upstream open reading frames in the translational control of oncogene mdm2. 1999, Pubmed
Cartier, A new alpha-conotoxin which targets alpha3beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Chang, Calnexin-dependent enhancement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor assembly and surface expression. 1997, Pubmed
Chatterjee, Role of 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs in human diseases. 2009, Pubmed
Cheng, Cell surface expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors is promoted by RIC-3. 2005, Pubmed
Colomer, Functional characterization of alpha9-containing cholinergic nicotinic receptors in the rat adrenal medulla: implication in stress-induced functional plasticity. 2010, Pubmed
Couturier, A neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit (alpha 7) is developmentally regulated and forms a homo-oligomeric channel blocked by alpha-BTX. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Dani, Neurophysiology of Nicotine Addiction. 2011, Pubmed
De Biasi, Reward, addiction, withdrawal to nicotine. 2011, Pubmed
Deneris, Primary structure and expression of beta 2: a novel subunit of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 1988, Pubmed , Xenbase
Duvoisin, The functional diversity of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is increased by a novel subunit: beta 4. 1989, Pubmed , Xenbase
Eaton, Characterization of human alpha 4 beta 2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors stably and heterologously expressed in native nicotinic receptor-null SH-EP1 human epithelial cells. 2003, Pubmed
Elgoyhen, Alpha 9: an acetylcholine receptor with novel pharmacological properties expressed in rat cochlear hair cells. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Elgoyhen, alpha10: a determinant of nicotinic cholinergic receptor function in mammalian vestibular and cochlear mechanosensory hair cells. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Falcone, Both the 5' untranslated region and the sequences surrounding the start site contribute to efficient initiation of translation in vitro. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Fan, Untranslated regions of diverse plant viral RNAs vary greatly in translation enhancement efficiency. 2012, Pubmed
Flores, A subtype of nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain is composed of alpha 4 and beta 2 subunits and is up-regulated by chronic nicotine treatment. 1992, Pubmed
Fucile, Ca2+ permeability through rat cloned alpha9-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 2006, Pubmed
Gallie, Identification of the motifs within the tobacco mosaic virus 5'-leader responsible for enhancing translation. 1992, Pubmed
Gallie, A comparison of eukaryotic viral 5'-leader sequences as enhancers of mRNA expression in vivo. 1987, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gallie, The 5'-leader sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA enhances the expression of foreign gene transcripts in vitro and in vivo. 1987, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gallie, The 5'-leader of tobacco mosaic virus promotes translation through enhanced recruitment of eIF4F. 2002, Pubmed
Gehrke, 5'-Conformation of capped alfalfa mosaic virus ribonucleic acid 4 may reflect its independence of the cap structure or of cap-binding protein for efficient translation. 1983, Pubmed
Gopalakrishnan, Stable expression, pharmacologic properties and regulation of the human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine alpha 4 beta 2 receptor. 1996, Pubmed
Gotti, Pharmacology and biophysical properties of alpha 7 and alpha 7-alpha 8 alpha-bungarotoxin receptor subtypes immunopurified from the chick optic lobe. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gray, Regulation of protein synthesis by mRNA structure. 1994, Pubmed
Halai, Scanning mutagenesis of alpha-conotoxin Vc1.1 reveals residues crucial for activity at the alpha9alpha10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Holtman, The novel small molecule α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist ZZ-204G is analgesic. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hudder, Analysis of a Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mutation reveals an essential internal ribosome entry site element in the connexin-32 gene. 2000, Pubmed
Huez, Role of the polyadenylate segment in the translation of globin messenger RNA in Xenopus oocytes. 1974, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jacobs, The role of RNA structure in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. 2012, Pubmed
Jin, The two upstream open reading frames of oncogene mdm2 have different translational regulatory properties. 2003, Pubmed
Jobling, Enhanced translation of chimaeric messenger RNAs containing a plant viral untranslated leader sequence. , Pubmed
Karikó, Overexpression of urokinase receptor in mammalian cells following administration of the in vitro transcribed encoding mRNA. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kozak, Regulation of translation via mRNA structure in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 2005, Pubmed
Kozak, Downstream secondary structure facilitates recognition of initiator codons by eukaryotic ribosomes. 1990, Pubmed
Kozak, Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. 1986, Pubmed
Kruys, The 3' untranslated region of the human interferon-beta mRNA has an inhibitory effect on translation. 1987, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kuffler, The number of transmitter molecules in a quantum: an estimate from iontophoretic application of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular synapse. 1975, Pubmed
Kuffler, The distribution of acetylcholine sensitivity at the post-synaptic membrane of vertebrate skeletal twitch muscles: iontophoretic mapping in the micron range. 1975, Pubmed
Kummer, The epithelial cholinergic system of the airways. 2008, Pubmed
Kuryatov, Human alpha6 AChR subtypes: subunit composition, assembly, and pharmacological responses. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kuryatov, Nicotine acts as a pharmacological chaperone to up-regulate human alpha4beta2 acetylcholine receptors. 2005, Pubmed
Lammich, Expression of the Alzheimer protease BACE1 is suppressed via its 5'-untranslated region. 2004, Pubmed
Lansdell, RIC-3 enhances functional expression of multiple nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in mammalian cells. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lee, Overexpression and activation of the alpha9-nicotinic receptor during tumorigenesis in human breast epithelial cells. 2010, Pubmed
Leonard, Association of promoter variants in the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene with an inhibitory deficit found in schizophrenia. 2002, Pubmed
Leonard, Genetics of chromosome 15q13-q14 in schizophrenia. 2006, Pubmed
Lester, Nicotine is a selective pharmacological chaperone of acetylcholine receptor number and stoichiometry. Implications for drug discovery. 2009, Pubmed
Levin, α7-Nicotinic receptors and cognition. 2012, Pubmed
Liman, Subunit stoichiometry of a mammalian K+ channel determined by construction of multimeric cDNAs. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lips, Coexpression of alpha 9 and alpha 10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. 2002, Pubmed
Lips, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat and human placenta. 2005, Pubmed
Lustig, Molecular cloning and mapping of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha10 (CHRNA10). 2001, Pubmed
Maison, Efferent protection from acoustic injury is mediated via alpha9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on outer hair cells. 2002, Pubmed
Marchi, Presynaptic nicotinic receptors modulating neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system: functional interactions with other coexisting receptors. 2010, Pubmed
McIntosh, Alpha9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the treatment of pain. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mihailovich, Complex translational regulation of BACE1 involves upstream AUGs and stimulatory elements within the 5' untranslated region. 2007, Pubmed
Millar, Diversity of vertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 2009, Pubmed
Morel, Comparative expression of homologous proteins. A novel mode of transcriptional regulation by the coding sequence folding compatibility of chimeras. 2000, Pubmed
Morris, Upstream open reading frames as regulators of mRNA translation. 2000, Pubmed
Nguyen, Novel human alpha9 acetylcholine receptor regulating keratinocyte adhesion is targeted by Pemphigus vulgaris autoimmunity. 2000, Pubmed
Nie, Cloning and expression of a small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel from the mouse cochlea: coexpression with alpha9/alpha10 acetylcholine receptors. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Niesler, Association between the 5' UTR variant C178T of the serotonin receptor gene HTR3A and bipolar affective disorder. 2001, Pubmed
Nishizaki, N-glycosylation sites on the nicotinic ACh receptor subunits regulate receptor channel desensitization and conductance. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nomura, Influence of messenger RNA secondary structure on translation efficiency. 1984, Pubmed
Osman, Muscle-like nicotinic receptor accessory molecules in sensory hair cells of the inner ear. 2008, Pubmed
Papke, Single-channel currents of rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. 1989, Pubmed , Xenbase
Parri, Research update: Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. 2011, Pubmed
Pascale, The complex world of post-transcriptional mechanisms: is their deregulation a common link for diseases? Focus on ELAV-like RNA-binding proteins. 2012, Pubmed
Pesole, The untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs: structure, function, evolution and bioinformatic tools for their analysis. 2000, Pubmed
Quik, Striatal alpha6* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: potential targets for Parkinson's disease therapy. 2006, Pubmed
Robinson, Involvement of the cholinergic system in conditioning and perceptual memory. 2011, Pubmed
Roncarati, Functional properties of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors co-expressed with RIC-3 in a stable recombinant CHO-K1 cell line. 2008, Pubmed
Sgard, A novel human nicotinic receptor subunit, alpha10, that confers functionality to the alpha9-subunit. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Skok, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in autonomic ganglia. 2002, Pubmed
Sleat, Characterisation of the 5'-leader sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA as a general enhancer of translation in vitro. 1987, Pubmed
Soreq, In vitro translation of polyadenylic acid-free rabbit globin messenger RNA. 1974, Pubmed
Soreq, Molecular cloning and construction of the coding region for human acetylcholinesterase reveals a G + C-rich attenuating structure. 1990, Pubmed
Srinivasan, Nicotine up-regulates alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors and ER exit sites via stoichiometry-dependent chaperoning. 2011, Pubmed
Sumikawa, Active multi-subunit ACh receptor assembled by translation of heterologous mRNA in Xenopus oocytes. 1981, Pubmed , Xenbase
Swope, Regulation of ligand-gated ion channels by protein phosphorylation. 1999, Pubmed
Vallés, Chaperoning α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 2012, Pubmed
Vallés, Ric-3 chaperone-mediated stable cell-surface expression of the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in mammalian cells. 2009, Pubmed
Venkatachalan, Optimized expression vector for ion channel studies in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells using alfalfa mosaic virus. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Verbitsky, Mixed nicotinic-muscarinic properties of the alpha9 nicotinic cholinergic receptor. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Vetter, Role of alpha9 nicotinic ACh receptor subunits in the development and function of cochlear efferent innervation. 1999, Pubmed
Vincler, Molecular mechanism for analgesia involving specific antagonism of alpha9alpha10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 2006, Pubmed
Vincler, Neuronal nicotinic receptors as targets for novel analgesics. 2005, Pubmed
Vincler, Targeting the alpha9alpha10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to treat severe pain. 2007, Pubmed
Wala, Novel small molecule α9α10 nicotinic receptor antagonist prevents and reverses chemotherapy-evoked neuropathic pain in rats. 2012, Pubmed
Wanamaker, Endoplasmic reticulum chaperones stabilize nicotinic receptor subunits and regulate receptor assembly. 2007, Pubmed
Wang, The role of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in autonomic ganglia: lessons from knockout mice. 2002, Pubmed
Wilkie, Regulation of mRNA translation by 5'- and 3'-UTR-binding factors. 2003, Pubmed
Williams, Ric-3 promotes functional expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit in mammalian cells. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
daCosta, Role of glycosylation and membrane environment in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stability. 2005, Pubmed
van Kleef, Selective inhibition of human heteromeric alpha9alpha10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at a low agonist concentration by low concentrations of ototoxic organic solvents. 2008, Pubmed , Xenbase