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twist1xenopus   

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Experiment details for twist1

Chang C and Harland RM (2007) Assay

Neural induction requires continued suppression of both Smad1 and Smad2 signals during gastrulation.

Gene Clone Species Stages Anatomy
twist1 xenopus NF stage 28 neural crest , branchial arch , head

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  Fig. 10. Activation of Smad2 at gastrula stages in the neural plate leads to defective neural development in Xenopus. (A) Activation of GR-Smad2 (0.2-0.5 ng) at mid-gastrula stages (stage 11) in the neural tissue induced neural defects in frog tadpoles. Embryos showed reduced head structures and malformed or missing eyes. Embryos without DEX treatment developed normally. (B) Histological analyses indicated that neural development at both anterior (upper panels) and posterior (lower panels) trunk levels was defective when Smad2 signaling was activated. The neural tube was disrupted and ectopic notochord (yellow arrowhead) and mesenchyme (red arrowhead) were observed in the neural derivatives. (C) In situ hybridization demonstrated that Sox2 was reduced and split from the midline and Otx2 was reduced, but the neural crest marker Twist and the muscle marker MyoD were unaffected. All embryos were viewed from the lateral side with the anterior to the left, except the second column of Sox2 in panel C, which was viewed from the dorsal direction.