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Figure 1. Depletion of Xcad-11 blocks CNC migration. (A) Wholemount ISH. Lateral view of Xenopus CNC at stage 26, analyzed by expression of twist. (Left column) Noninjected side (nis). (Right column) Injected side (is). Embryos injected with Xcad-11MO (2 pmol) showed twist signal adjacent to the brain but not in pharyngeal pouches (72%), indicating impaired CNC migration. The mandibular population remained unaffected. Coinjection of Xcad-11 mRNA (75 pg) restored the migration phenotype in 82%. CoMOinjected (2 pmol) embryos showed no effect. (B) Transplantation to follow migration in vivo in CNC. Wild-type CNC grafts exhibited normal migration (86%). Grafts taken from Xcad-11-depleted embryos were unable to invade hyoidal and branchial arches (70%; marked by arrows). Mandibular CNC remained unaffected. Single cell tracking demonstrated wild-type CNC migrating into the pharyngeal arches while Xcad-11 depletion stopped migration. |
