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Fig. 1. Msx genes are expressed in the neural crest region of Xenopus and zebrafish embryos. (A-G) Xenopus embryos. Stage 13. (H-K) Zebrafish expression. Bud and five-somites stage. Anterior is upwards. (A,B) Bmp4 expression. (C-G) msx1 expression. (H-K) msxb expression. Arrowhead indicates anterior neural fold; asterisk: indicates prospective neural crest. (A) Dorsal view, showing strong expression in the anterior neural fold. (B) Lateral view, showing strong expression in the anterior neural fold, intermediate in the prospective neural crest and weaker in the ventral ectoderm. Arrow in B indicates expression in the ventral side. (C) Dorsal view of a double in situ hybridization for msx1 (purple) and XSlug (blue) of a mid/late gastrula stage embryo. Note the overlapping in the expression of both genes in the prospective neural crest region (square) in the whole embryo (C), in the sectioned embryo (F) and in a higher magnification (G). (D) Dorsal view showing the strong expression of msx1 in the neural folds. (E) Lateral view showing expression in the neural folds. (H) Dorsal view showing expression of msxb in the neural plate border. (I) Lateral view showing expression in the neural plate border. (J) Flat mount showing expression in the prospective neural crest region. (K) Higher magnification of J. |
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Fig. 2. msx1 expression is increased by inhibiting Bmp signaling in Xenopus embryos. One blastomere of an eight- to 16-cell stage embryo was injected with CM-Bmp4 mRNA (A,B) or δBmpr mRNA (D), or a bead soaked with noggin was grafted near the neural fold of a stage 11 embryo (C), and the expression of msx1 was analyzed at stage 17. Anterior is towards the right; the injected side was recognized by FLDx staining and the operated side by the bead, both are indicated by an arrowhead. (A) CM-Bmp4 mRNA (250 pg). Note the stronger expression in the injected side. (B) CM-Bmp4 mRNA (500 pg). Note the stronger and expanded expression in the injected side. (C) Embryo grafted with a noggin soaked with 100 μg/ml of noggin (asterisk). Note the expansion in expression at the grafted side. (D) δBmp4 mRNA (500 pg). Note the stronger and expanded expression in the injected side. (E) Summary of the results. The expression of msx1 was analyzed for each embryo comparing the injected and uninjected side. Total number of embryos is 450. Brackets indicate the domain of msx1 expression at the hindbrain level. |
